Pakistan's Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) index appreciated to 101.7 in September 2025, up from 100.1 in August, ...

The currency exchange rates that we see and use every day are nominal exchange rates. They tell us what we get if we swap a unit of one currency for another – for example, a pound-dollar exchange rate ...

Most countries hold large gross asset positions, lending in domestic currency and borrowing in foreign. Thus, their balance sheets are exposed to nominal exchange rates. We argue that when asset ...

Pakistan’s Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER), a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several ...

Download PDF More Formats on IMF eLibrary Order a Print Copy Create Citation Based on VAR analyses across 26 countries, we show that, although foreign exchange intervention (FXI) is effective in ...

Exchange rate pass‐through refers to the extent to which fluctuations in the nominal exchange rate affect domestic prices—both at the producer and consumer levels. This dynamic plays a pivotal role in ...

We study the endogenous choice to accept fiat objects as media of exchange and their implications for nominal exchange rate determination. We consider a two-country environment with two currencies ...

Is it true that floating exchange rates protect the economy from the consequences of “sudden stops” in capital flows,[i] and grant policymakers greater flexibility in both managing demand and ...

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) will maintain the prevailing rate of appreciation of the Singapore dollar nominal ...

Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 33, No. 2 (June 2018), pp. 1302-1336 (35 pages) This paper examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on economic growth. An empirical investigation based on ...