Heat exchangers are now extensively utilized in industrial settings and are essential components in all thermal systems. Among these, the shell and tube design is the most frequently employed type 1.

Market demand and global sustainability goals are encouraging HVAC/R manufacturers to innovate with more energy-efficient and environmentally responsible systems. To meet these evolving standards, ...

This paper combines the leaf vein structure with fins which are the essential parts of heat exchangers to enhance the overall heat transfer performance, without significantly increasing thermal ...